Human Physiology
- Nervous system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Integumentary system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Immune system
- Endocrine system
See also anatomy (there is more than a little spillover)
Meiosis: cell division into 4 daughters (haploid cells) with one set of chromosomes
Haploid: A cell containing only one set of chromosomes.
Diploid: A cell containing only two sets of chromosomes.
Essential minerals:
7 major: Calcium, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Potassium.
10 trace: Manganese, Chromium, Copper, Selenium, Zinc, Iodine, Fluoride, Molybdenum.
Body composition: H (63%), C (9%), N (1%), O (26%)
Sympathetic: autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to react to stresses such as threat or injury. Heart rate increase
Parasympathetic: autonomic nervous system that controls functions of the body at rest and helps maintain homeostasis. Heart rate decrease
Nervous system, endocrine system and paracrine agents coordinate cellular function with cell-to-cell communication.
Ligands bind to receptors and activate cell-signaling pathways.
Hypertrophy: increase in size of cell, typically from increased workload. E.g. muscles (don't divide much), arteries.
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells (i.e., from mitosis). E.g. Epithelial cells, hematopoietic cells, sperm.
Muscle: use motor protein myosin, structural protein actin, ATP and Ca++ for contraction.
Hematopoiesis: synthesis of blood cells. In bone marrow.
Plasma: water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, proteins.
RBC: hemoglobin equilibrate with O2, transport of CO2
WBC: immune response
Platelet for clotting
Heart:
ECG is record of current flow cause by electrical activity in heart. Starts at sino-atrial (SA) node (cardiac pacemaker)
P-wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
T-wave: ventricular repolarization
Depolarization allows entry of Ca++ to trigger contraction.
Stroke volume: Blood volume pumped during contraction
Cardiac output: product of stroke volume and heart rate
Arteries: high-pressure vessels
Veins: high-volume vessels
Balance between cardiac output and central venous pressure depends on
- myocardial contractility
- arterial vascular resistance
- venous capacitance
- volume of blood in circulation
Arterial baroreceptor reflect and autonomic nervous system regulate blood pressure
Renal function provides long-term regulation of body fluid volume
With maintained blood pressure, local control of vascular resistance allows tissue to match perfusion and metabolic need.
Arterial blood pressure maintained through endocrine and neural cardiovascular regulatory system.
Respiration/Pulmonary system:
Specialized for O2 absorption and transport to tissues, and for CO2 transport from tissues to lungs to outside.
Gas movement in tissues and alveoli through diffusion down concentration gradients. Matching of ventilation and perfusion in lung, and RBC transport specializations and metabolic consumption in tissue.
Homeostatic control centered on Co2, hypoxia when Po2 < 60 mm Hg.
Renal system
Glomerular capillary exchange depends on sympathetic nervous system control.
Inulin clearance and plasma creatinine concentration allows noninvasive measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Tubuloglomerular feedback regulates renal function. Negative feedback control of GFR to maintain constant distal tubule NaCl delivery.
Total lung capacity: lung volume
Residual volume: difference between total volume and maximal expiration volume (0 volume)
Functional residual capacity: difference between resting point and 0 volume
Vital capacity: max expiration to max inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume: highest resting point volume to max inspiration volume
Inspiratory capacity: lowest resting point volume to max inspiration volume
Expiratory reserve volume: resting point volume to max expiration volume (smaller than insp reserve).
Tidal volume: normal volume change at resting point
Extrinsic regulation by sympathetic branch.
GI System
Digest and absorb the diet (carbs, proteins, fats) by breaking down into components.
Pylorus separates stomach from intestines.
Intrinsic regulation by enteric nerves and negative feedback control of release of GI hormones
Extrinsic regulation by parasympathetic branch.
Endocrine System
Internal secretions, allow complex regulation of homeostasis, metabolism and growth.
Controlled by negative feedback loops tied top plasma hormone concentration or to biological action of hormone.
Extrinsic regulation by higher nervous system control of hypothalamus.
Female reproductive system
Forms in utero and matures during puberty
Extensive cyclic changes (monthly menstruation and ovulation)
Estrogen dominate first half during ovulation preparation, induced by LH surge at mid point.
Progesterone dominates second half, prepares uterus to receive fertilized ovum.
Menstruation is no implantation and cessation of progesterone production.
Male reproductive system
Development requires stimulation of testosterone in utero.
LH stimulates T production, FSH stimulates spermatozoa production.
Semen fluid produced by testes, prostate and seminal vesicles.
T peaks early adults and decline gradually after 50 yrs.
Fetal to Adult Development
Placenta serves as site of gas exchange, nutrient absorption, waste elimination.
Gas exchange moves to lungs at birth, absorption to GI tract and waste to GI and renal systems.
Organs continue to mature through childhood.
Loss of organ system function with age
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormone, insulin, and set steroids guide growth and development.