Pathology
- Neoplastic Diseases
- Benign Disease
- Infectious Diseases
- Congenital and hereditary diseases
- Inflammatory
- Trauma
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Neurological
Neoplastic Diseases
Sarcoma is most likely secondary cancer from radiation therapy.
Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers with shortest latency periods.
Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor of glandular ("adeno") origin. Common for pituitary
Breast cancer metastasizes to bone then lung, liver, lymph nodes, brain.
Breast cancer is mostly ductal then lobular. Inflammatory is most dangerous (uncommon)
HR+ breast cancer: has hormone receptors and can be affected by endocrine hormones (estrogen or progesterone), suppressors of which can be used in treatment.
Some types have too many copies of HER2 gene can will respond to targeted therapies
Inflammatory
Sarcoidosis: inflammatory disease, granulomas (small nodules) for on lungs, lymph nodes, other organs. Cause unknown.
Cystisis: inflammation of the bladder
Liver cirrhosis: cells destroyed and replaced by fatty and fibrous tissues (scarring). Surround blood vessels and impeded circulation. Results in hypertension and internal bleeding. Caused by alcohol, hepatitis, poisons.
Trauma
Atelectasis: Collapsed lung
Benign Disease
Prolactinoma: benign tumor of pituitary causing excess production of prolactin (breast milk production)
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathologic Conditions
Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms
Bradycardia: Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
Fibrillation: Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
Congenital Heart Disease: Abnormalities in the heart at birth
Congestive Heart Failure: Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
Coronary Artery Disease: Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Murmur: Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
Rheumatic Heart Disease: Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
Aneurysm: Local widening of an arterial wall
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
Hypertension (HTN): High blood pressure
Varicose Veins: Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
Atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib): abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating.
Cardiomyopathy: disorder of the heart muscle
Cardiac dysrhythmia: abnormal heart rhythm
Stroke: Rupture or occlusion of blood vessels leading to lack of oxygen to brain. Loss of function, ischemia, hemorrhage
Laboratory Test & Clinical Procedures
Cardiac Biomarkers: Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
Lipid Tests: Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample
Angiography: X-ray imaging blood vessels after injection of contract material
Doppler Ultrasound Studies: Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
Echocardiography (ECHO): Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
Cardiac Catheterization: Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
Electrocardiography: Recording of electricity flowing through the heart
Stress Test: Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
Endarterectomy: Surgical removal of plaque form the inner layer of an artery
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
Thrombolytic Therapy: Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
Neurological
Meningioma: tumor arising in the meninges, the structure surrounding the brain and spinal cord, often benign
Multiple Sclerosis: CNS disease, "hardening". Immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath and causes communication problems. Image using MRI.
Myelopathy: Disease of spinal cord (e.g., from radiation, so usually kept <45 Gy)